In 2020 DeepMind presents AlphaFold 2 at the CASP14 competition (Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction), solving with atomic precision a problem open since 1972: predicting a protein's three-dimensional structure from its amino-acid sequence. The protein-folding problem had resisted the best efforts of computational biology for 50 years — the gap between sequence and structure was the great unsolved problem of molecular biology. AlphaFold 2 solves it with a Transformer-based architecture and attention mechanisms that model spatial relationships between amino-acid residues, combining evolutionary information from multiple sequence alignments with structural geometry. The impact is immediate and unprecedented: in 2022 DeepMind publishes the predicted structures of more than 200 million proteins — practically the entire known proteome — freely, in the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database. It accelerates drug discovery, disease understanding, and protein engineering by decades. It is the first case in which an AI system solves a fundamental scientific problem of Nobel relevance: John Jumper and Demis Hassabis receive the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with David Baker.