On 29 October 1969 the first message between ARPANET nodes was sent: "LO," the first two characters of "LOGIN" before the system crashed. It was the beginning of the network that would demonstrate that packet switching could connect heterogeneous computers in a decentralized, robust way. ARPANET was funded by DARPA for military and academic purposes, and grew during the 1970s as a university research network. The transition to TCP/IP in 1983 marked the formal birth of the internet. In the Wikinventia genealogy, ARPANET is the node where computing ceases to be a local machine and becomes communication infrastructure.