Thomas P. Ashford and Keith R. Porter observe via electron microscopy, in rat hepatocytes perfused with glucagon, cytoplasmic components — mitochondria and remnants of them — inside lysosomes: the first direct visual evidence of a process degrading the cell's own organelles. That same year, independently, Alex B. Novikoff and Edward Essner observe similar vacuoles containing mitochondria in mouse hepatocytes treated with the detergent Triton WR-1339, naming them 'cytolysomes'. Both findings, presented at the 1963 Ciba Foundation Symposium on Lysosomes, would lead Christian de Duve to propose the unified term 'autophagic vacuole' for these structures and 'autophagy' for the process. Over the following two decades, the study stalled: working only with mammalian cells, the process seemed random and chaotic, and it was impossible to identify which proteins drove it.