The integrated circuit compressed electronics into a new historical scale. Jack Kilby demonstrated the first functional prototype at Texas Instruments in July 1958; Robert Noyce independently developed at Fairchild the planar solution that proved more practical for industrial manufacturing. Together they founded the field of microelectronics: instead of assembling transistors and resistors discretely, the integrated circuit manufactures all components and their connections as a single unit on silicon. This extreme miniaturization is the material condition for the personal computer, consumer electronics, and the digital world. Kilby received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for the invention; Noyce had died ten years earlier.