From 8 to 13 January 1951, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) organized in Paris the congress "Les machines à calculer et la pensée humaine" ("Calculating machines and human thinking"), with 268 attendees from 10 countries and 35 papers, published in 1953 in a 589-page volume, only in French — the reason the congress has been historically eclipsed by the Dartmouth Workshop (1956), even though several current historians (Herbert Bruderer, among others) consider it a genuine candidate for the title of first artificial intelligence conference in history. Among the attendees were Norbert Wiener and Warren McCulloch. Gonzalo Torres Quevedo formally presented a paper on his father's devices ("Présentation des appareils de Leonardo Torres-Quevedo", pp. 383-406 of the proceedings) and gave a public demonstration of the Ajedrecista. During the congress, Norbert Wiener played a game against the automaton and lost — an encounter photographed and documented by multiple independent sources. Wiener, who in his book Cybernetics (1948) had already speculated abstractly about the possibility of building a chess machine without knowing of Torres Quevedo's work, later incorporated reflections on the Spanish automaton into his subsequent popular writings on cybernetics.