Wikinventia — Atlas of discoveries and inventions · Middle Age

The Glagolitic alphabet — Cyril and Methodius

863 AD · Transmission: Global
LinguisticsInventionByzantine

The brothers Constantine (later a monk under the name Cyril) and Methodius, originally from Thessaloniki, are sent in 862-863 by the Byzantine emperor Michael III and Patriarch Photius as missionaries to Great Moravia, at the request of Prince Rostislav, who sought to reduce his country's dependence on East Frankish priests. Since the Slavic language could not be adequately written with either the Greek or Latin alphabet, Cyril creates a completely new alphabet, the Glagolitic, specifically designed to represent the sounds of Old Church Slavonic. With it, Cyril and Methodius translate the Bible and the liturgy into Old Church Slavonic, allowing for the first time Christian worship in the vernacular Slavic language instead of exclusively in Greek or Latin. After the deaths of both brothers (869 and 885 respectively), their disciples are expelled from Moravia and move to the First Bulgarian Empire, where the Cyrillic alphabet — developed by their Bulgarian disciples, including Saint Clement of Ohrid, in honor of Cyril, but not by the brothers themselves — would gradually replace the Glagolitic.

Historical regionByzantine Empire (Thessaloniki) / Great Moravia
Primary sourceVita Constantini and Vita Methodii (Old Slavic hagiographic biographies from the 9th-10th centuries, the main source on the mission and creation of the alphabet).
Original languageOld Church Slavonic / Greek
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