In the summer of 1956, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Claude Shannon, and Nathaniel Rochester organized at Dartmouth College the first conference dedicated to what McCarthy termed "Artificial Intelligence." The original proposal stated that "every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it." The term stuck, and the conference marked the field's institutional birth. The following years saw overblown promises and two "AI winters" — periods of collapsed funding (1974, 1987) — before deep learning vindicated the original intuitions half a century later.