In May 1997, IBM's Deep Blue supercomputer defeated world champion Garry Kasparov in a six-game match, the first time a computer beat a reigning world champion under standard tournament conditions. Deep Blue evaluated up to 200 million positions per second using specialized hardware (VLSI chips for move generation and evaluation) combined with heavily optimized alpha-beta search — the culmination of the Type A "brute force" strategy Shannon had formulated in 1950. The project, led by Feng-hsiung Hsu, Murray Campbell and others, evolved directly from the ChipTest project, whose architecture was based on Thompson and Condon's Belle. The victory symbolically marked the end of three decades of dominance by the pure brute-force paradigm in computer chess.