An Egyptian medical document describing 48 traumatic cases with physical examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for each. The earliest known text to explicitly distinguish between treatable, uncertain, and incurable injuries, introducing a diagnostic method based on observable evidence. It shows anatomical knowledge of the heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, ureters, and bladder, and recognizes that blood vessels converge on the heart. Written in hieratic, it is estimated to be based on material at least a millennium older. The Western medical canon ignored it for centuries: the papyrus was not translated into English until 1930 (James Henry Breasted).