Robert Metcalfe, working at Xerox PARC in Palo Alto with David Boggs, designs in 1973 the Ethernet protocol to interconnect the lab's Alto computers with each other and with the laser printer developed there. The protocol uses CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection): devices listen to the channel before transmitting and, upon detecting collision, wait a random time before retrying, allowing multiple nodes to share a single cable with no centralized coordination. The original 2.94 Mbit/s speed evolves to 10 Mbit/s in the 1980 commercial DIX specification (Xerox, Intel, DEC), and continues scaling backward-compatibly up to 400/800 Gbit/s in today's data-center standards. In 1983 the IEEE publishes standard 802.3, codifying Ethernet as an open international standard, dramatically cutting connectivity costs and making it the dominant physical infrastructure for local-area networks worldwide. Metcalfe receives the 2022 Turing Award (announced and awarded in 2023) for the invention, design, and commercialization of Ethernet.