In October 1994 Netscape Communications launches the public beta of Netscape Navigator with the Netsite Commerce Server, natively integrating SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) into the browser for the first time, requiring no manual technical configuration and working across Windows, Mac, and Unix. Designed principally by Kipp Hickman at Netscape, its formal specification is published as an IETF draft in 1995. In November 1994 Tower Records becomes the first documented store to deploy SSL in production, popularizing the browser padlock icon as a symbol of online security. SSL lays the technical groundwork for scalable e-commerce and HTTPS, later evolving into TLS.