The officer and engineer Isaac Peral designed and built between 1885 and 1888 the first submarine fully powered by electric batteries with operational military capability: torpedoes, periscope, gyroscopic compass, and underwater navigation endurance. Trials carried out in 1889–1890 demonstrated its technical viability; the submarine reached speeds of 9 knots on the surface. The Spanish Navy rejected the project for political reasons and institutional rivalry between the scientific and traditional navy factions. Peral was forced to leave the Navy in 1891 and died in 1895 at age 43. The Peral submarine, preserved in Cartagena, is considered by technical historiography to be the first fully functional submarine built for military purposes.