In 1843 Richard March Hoe began developing the central-cylinder rotary press, perfected and patented around 1847. By replacing the flat plate with rotating cylinders in continuous motion, printing speed multiplied radically: where Gutenberg measured pages per hour, Hoe measured thousands. The impact was immediate on high-circulation newspapers and 19th-century mass culture. In the long genealogy of printing, the rotary press is the biggest productivity leap between Gutenberg and the digital era.