William Shockley developed the junction transistor in 1948 as a response to the point-contact transistor built by Bardeen and Brattain. The p-n junction architecture proved more robust, reproducible, and industrially scalable, and became the foundation on which the semiconductor industry was built. Shockley is also known for founding Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Silicon Valley in 1956, whose staff would spawn the "traitorous eight" who founded Fairchild Semiconductor and, later, Intel. His impact on the history of technology exceeds the junction transistor: he was the unwitting catalyst of the Silicon Valley ecosystem.