After the fall of the Akkadian Empire and the defeat of the Gutians, Ur-Nammu founds the Third Dynasty of Ur and institutes a code of laws: the oldest surviving one with a formal legal structure of "if (offense), then (penalty)" — unlike the reforms of Urukagina, three centuries earlier, which document grievances and corrective measures without that conditional formula. Ur-Nammu's code organizes 57 laws with that pattern, followed by nearly all later Mesopotamian codes. Its most distinctive feature is preferring monetary compensation over physical punishment for non-lethal bodily injuries (homicide, robbery, adultery, and rape are punished with death). The text survives fragmentarily on tablets from Nippur and Ur, first translated by Samuel Kramer in 1952.