In the Gathas — the oldest hymns of the Avesta, in archaic Avestan — Zoroaster formulates the first documented philosophical system based on universal ethical dualism: the opposition between Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord, principle of good) and Angra Mainyu (Destructive Spirit, principle of evil). The system introduces concepts with no documented precedent in earlier traditions: individual moral responsibility, free will as the axis of human existence, judgment of the soul after death according to its actions (daena), bodily resurrection, a final savior (Saoshyant), and the eschatological consummation of time (Frashokereti). Direct and indirect influence on the three Abrahamic religions is documented by the texts themselves: post-exilic Judaism (after the Babylonian captivity under the Achaemenid Empire, 6th-5th centuries BC) incorporates angels, the demon, the last judgment, and the messiah through direct contact with the Zoroastrianism of Cyrus the Great. Islam inherits these categories via Judaism and Christianity. The historical canon of Western philosophy treats these categories as inventions of Semitic monotheism, ignoring their documented Iranian origin.